For Marie.
1. Introduction
Animated films, long perceived as a narrative space intended mainly for children, are increasingly establishing themselves as philosophical and political laboratories in their own right. By depicting imaginary worlds, it highlights deeply contemporary tensions: the fragmentation of societies, the legacy of collective trauma, widespread mistrust, and the difficulty of rebuilding a common future. In this context, Raya and the Last Dragon (Disney, 2021) occupies a unique place. The film does not merely recount a classic heroic quest. It offers a structured meditation on trust and mistrust, thought of not as simple individual moral dispositions, but as organizing principles of politics. Through the broken world of Kumandra, Disney depicts a post-traumatic society where fear has become the norm and survival has replaced cooperation as the common goal. Rayaâs originality lies in its rejection of Manichaeism. There is no absolute evil, nor miraculous salvation. The catastrophe is not attributable to an external enemy, but to the collapse of social bonds themselves. In this context, trust does not appear as a naive virtue or a rewarded sentiment, but as a risky, costly, and politically decisive act, without which no rebuilding of the world is possible. This text proposes to analyze Raya and the Last Dragon as a contemporary political tale, articulating three levels of interpretation. First, it will show how the film constructs an initiatory narrative in a fragmented world, where geographical space reflects the dislocation of social bonds. We will then examine the filmâs central philosophical themesâtrust, mistrust, collective responsibility, and the memory of traumaâin order to understand the ethical logic underlying the narrative. Finally, this analysis will be put into perspective with other films from the Disney corpus, before opening up to a comparative reading mobilizing Spinoza, Hobbes, and Hannah Arendt, to question the possibility of a political re-foundation after fear.
2. Introducing Raya and the Last Dragon: a coming-of-age story in a fragmented world
The narrative and symbolic framework
The story is set in Kumandra, a world that was once unified around the same political and symbolic balance, but is now deeply fragmented. This fragmentation is not only territorial: it reflects a breakdown in social ties and a widespread loss of trust between peoples. The geographical space thus becomes a mirror of a dislocated political space, where each group withdraws into itself in a logic of protection and survival. The founding catastropheâthe disappearance of the dragons and the petrification of the inhabitantsâmarks an anthropological shift. It breaks the old order based on cooperation and ushers in a world dominated by fear. From this event onwards, mistrust becomes the norm, almost an implicit law, structuring all social relations. The Druun embody this fear that has become active. They are not enemies with their own intentions, but the materialization of collective mistrust. Their presence signals the collapse of the bond: where trust disappears, they appear. Evil is not external to the world; it is the direct product of its internal fragmentation.
Raya, a tragic heroine rather than a naive heroine
Raya differs from classic heroic figures in her lack of initial innocence. Her childhood is marked by betrayal, a seminal event that seals both the fall of Kumandra and the formation of her character. This traumatic moment places loss at the heart of her relationship with the world and has a lasting impact on her choices. The heroine is not guided by abstract idealism, but by a rationality forged by trauma. Her mistrust is neither a moral flaw nor a weakness: it is the logical consequence of a violent experience of the world. Raya acts with caution, strategy, and calculation in a world where trust has already led to disaster. Her journey of initiation does not consist of learning strength or domination, but of accepting a radical act of trust, taken in full awareness of the risk. This transformation does not lead her to become naive again, but to move beyond an exclusively defensive rationality and enter into an ethic of assumed risk.
A political tale structure
The world of Kumandra is made up of specialized kingdoms, each with a particular resource, skill, or strategic position. However, this specialization does not produce functional complementarity. On the contrary, it creates a structural inability to cooperate, with each entity seeking to maximize its own security at the expense of the common good. The narrative is distinguished by the absence of an absolute villain. Conflicts do not result from isolated malicious intent, but from systemic logics: inherited fear, wounded memory, incompatible defensive rationalities. Evil is diffuse, distributed throughout the very structures of the world. The final resolution confirms this political reading. Salvation comes neither from military force, strategic cunning, nor individual moral superiority. It emerges solely from the restoration of connection, when the actors agree to relinquish some of their power and control for an uncertain common good. The film thus affirms a central thesis: in a fragmented world, only the rebuilding of trust makes the future possible.
3. Philosophical themes centered on trust and mistrust
(in Raya and the Last Dragon*)*
Trust and mistrust as political affects
The film presents mistrust not as a simple individual psychological disposition, but as a political affect that structures societies. It is an inherited logic, transmitted through narratives, history, and collective traumas. This distrust is fundamentally defensive: it aims to prevent betrayal, reduce uncertainty, and secure the present. However, as it becomes widespread, it becomes divisive, as it prevents any form of lasting cooperation and traps each group in a rationality of survival. Conversely, trust is presented as a voluntary act, never automatic. It implies a conscious choice, made with full knowledge of the risk involved. To trust means to accept the possibility of loss, with no guarantee of reciprocity. It is precisely this risk-taking that gives trust its reconstructive power: it opens up a space where social bonds can be reinvented beyond calculation. This opposition is embodied by the duo Raya/Sisu. Raya represents a traumatized rationality, forged by the experience of betrayal and structured by caution. Sisu, on the other hand, embodies an active, non-dogmatic faith that does not deny danger but refuses to make it the ultimate principle of action. The film does not disqualify Rayaâs rationality; rather, it shows its limitations when it comes to rebuilding a broken world.
Collective responsibility and the rejection of scapegoating
One of the filmâs major philosophical choices is the rejection of any scapegoat. No character can be singled out as solely responsible for the fall of Kumandra. Acts of betrayal always occur within broader contexts: political pressure, inherited fear, conflicting loyalties. Evil thus appears to be systemic, produced by structures of mistrust rather than purely malicious intentions. This interpretation leads to a decisive shift in the moral question. If the downfall is collective, then the remedy can only be collective as well. No individual, however virtuous, can restore the world alone. The solution is global or non-existent. The film thus shifts from a morality of blame, focused on finding the person responsible, to an ethic of action, oriented toward the ability to act together in the present. The issue is no longer who caused the disaster, but who is willing to take the risk of a collective action today.
Tradition, memory, and overcoming trauma
Tradition plays an ambivalent role in the narrative. It is both a reservoir of wisdom and a vehicle for fear. Stories passed down from generation to generation aim to protect, but they also freeze societies in the repetition of trauma. Tradition preserves the memory of the disaster without always offering the means to overcome it. When memory becomes exclusive, it turns into an obstacle. It prevents any projection into the future by locking individuals into a defensive logic of reproduction: do not repeat past mistakes, even if it means making any new attempts impossible. The film thus shows that memory, if not interpreted, can become paralyzing. In this context, trust appears as a conscious break with the repetition of the past. It does not imply forgetting or denying the trauma, but a refusal to grant it absolute power over the present. Trusting then becomes a major political and ethical act: choosing the future without erasing the wound, but without submitting to it.
4. Trust and mistrust at Disney: scenes compared in other films
Trust betrayed or threatened
In several Disney films, trust initially appears as a fragile bond, exposed to betrayal. It is often placed at the heart of fundamental relationshipsâfamily, romantic, or politicalâwhose breakdown leads to profound disorder. In The Lion King, Scarâs betrayal is the archetype of perverted trust. The relationship of family trust is exploited to gain power, and this intimate rupture immediately results in political collapse: the kingdom becomes barren, and the law of the strongest replaces the symbolic order. Private betrayal thus has collective consequences. In a different way, Frozen contrasts two figures of trust. On the one hand, there is the false love embodied by Hans, based on calculation and self-interest; on the other, there is the sisterly trust between Anna and Elsa, long hindered by fear. The film deconstructs the idea of immediate romantic trust and values a bond that is built, tested, sometimes painful, but authentic.
Trust as a moral test
Other Disney films approach trust not as a given, but as a moral test, set in a social context marked by fear, prejudice, or tradition. In Zootopia, mistrust is institutionalized in the form of social stereotypes. Fear of the other structures civic relations and legitimizes exclusion. Rebuilding the bond does not come through the denial of differences, but through a collective awareness of the mechanisms of fear and domination. Here, trust becomes a political endeavor, slow and conflictual. In Moana, trust takes a more intimate but equally decisive form. The heroine must choose between the protective tradition of her people and the inner calling that pushes her toward the unknown. Trusting the ocean means accepting to disobey a frozen memory in order to reconnect with a deeper truth. Trust becomes an act of emancipation.
Rayaâs uniqueness in the Disney corpus
Raya and the Last Dragon stands out clearly from these stories. Trust is neither naive nor idealized, nor reduced to an interpersonal relationship. It is political, collective, and deeply costly. Unlike many Disney films where trust is rewarded with love, recognition, or the restoration of order, Raya asserts a more radical thesis: trust is never a guarantee of success. It implies possible loss, failure, even disappearance. It engages not only individuals, but the entire social body. In this sense, Raya marks a philosophical turning point in the Disney corpus. Trust no longer appears as a moral reward granted to the righteous, but as a necessary risk, without which no rebuilding of the world is possible. It becomes the very condition of the future, not simply its outcome.
5. Conclusion â Trust, fear, and the rebuilding of politics
(comparative reading: Spinoza, Hobbes, Arendt) The analysis of Raya and the Last Dragon highlights a powerful philosophical thesis that is rarely formulated so explicitly in animated films: the survival of a political world depends not only on the control of fear, but also on the ability to rebuild trust after trauma. This issue is directly echoed by several major thinkers in modern and contemporary political philosophy. For Spinoza, fear is a fundamental affect of political life, but it cannot constitute a lasting principle of government. In the Theological-Political Treatise, he shows that societies based on fear tend to produce servitude rather than freedom. Trust, understood as an expression of increased collective power (potentia multitudinis), is not a naive sentiment but an effect of rational cooperation. Raya illustrates this point precisely: fear, embodied by the Druun, reduces the power to act collectively, while trust restores the collective capacity to act, which is the very condition of freedom. Conversely, Hobbes makes fear the original foundation of political order. In Leviathan, the fear of violent death justifies the transfer of power to a sovereign authority responsible for ensuring security. The fragmented world of Kumandra is reminiscent of the Hobbesian state of nature, marked by widespread mistrust and latent war of all against all. However, Raya radically departs from the Hobbesian solution: no sovereign, no central authority imposes order through coercion. On the contrary, the film suggests that fear, while it may explain the collapse of the world, is incapable of ensuring its reconstruction. It is with Hannah Arendt that this interpretation finds its most fruitful point of convergence. Arendt distinguishes between power, born of concerted collective action, and violence, which appears when power has already dissolved. In Raya, violence and mistrust signal precisely the absence of true power. The final reconstruction does not come about through domination or force, but through an act of common action, fragile, reversible, but irreducibly political. Trust here is not a private feeling: it is the condition of possibility for collective action and a new beginning. Thus, Raya and the Last Dragon can be read as an original narrative synthesis of these three perspectives. Contrary to Hobbes, the film asserts that fear does not provide a lasting foundation for politics. With Spinoza, it suggests that trust increases the power of collective action. And in the wake of Arendt, it shows that any rebuilding of the world requires a collective act without guarantees, accepting the fragility of human bonds. In this sense, Raya does not merely tell a story of reconciliation. It offers a true philosophy of renewal: in a world marked by violence and mistrust, trust is neither given nor deserved, but risky, costly, and politically necessary.
A lâintention de Marie.
1. Introduction
Le cinĂ©ma dâanimation, longtemps perçu comme un espace narratif destinĂ© principalement Ă lâenfance, sâimpose de plus en plus comme un laboratoire philosophique et politique Ă part entiĂšre. En mettant en scĂšne des mondes imaginaires, il rend visibles des tensions profondĂ©ment contemporaines : fragmentation des sociĂ©tĂ©s, hĂ©ritage des traumatismes collectifs, dĂ©fiance gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e et difficultĂ© Ă reconstruire un avenir commun. Dans ce contexte, Raya and the Last Dragon (Disney, 2021) occupe une place singuliĂšre. Le film ne se contente pas de raconter une quĂȘte hĂ©roĂŻque classique. Il propose une mĂ©ditation structurĂ©e sur la confiance et la mĂ©fiance, pensĂ©es non comme de simples dispositions morales individuelles, mais comme des principes organisateurs du politique. Ă travers le monde brisĂ© de Kumandra, Disney met en scĂšne une sociĂ©tĂ© post-traumatique, oĂč la peur est devenue norme et oĂč la survie a remplacĂ© la coopĂ©ration comme horizon commun. LâoriginalitĂ© de Raya tient Ă son refus du manichĂ©isme. Il nây a ni mal absolu, ni salut miraculeux. La catastrophe nâest pas imputable Ă un ennemi extĂ©rieur, mais Ă lâeffondrement du lien social lui-mĂȘme. Dans ce cadre, la confiance nâapparaĂźt pas comme une vertu naĂŻve ou un sentiment rĂ©compensĂ©, mais comme un acte risquĂ©, coĂ»teux et politiquement dĂ©cisif, sans lequel aucune refondation du monde nâest possible. Ce texte se propose dâanalyser Raya and the Last Dragon comme un conte politique contemporain, en articulant trois niveaux de lecture. Il sâagira dâabord de montrer comment le film construit un rĂ©cit initiatique dans un monde fragmentĂ©, oĂč lâespace gĂ©ographique reflĂšte la dislocation du lien social. On examinera ensuite les thĂšmes philosophiques centraux du film â confiance, mĂ©fiance, responsabilitĂ© collective et mĂ©moire du trauma â afin de comprendre la logique Ă©thique qui sous-tend la narration. Enfin, cette analyse sera mise en perspective avec dâautres films du corpus Disney, avant de sâouvrir sur une lecture comparative mobilisant Spinoza, Hobbes et Hannah Arendt, pour interroger la possibilitĂ© dâune refondation du politique aprĂšs la peur.
2. Présenter Raya and the Last Dragon : un récit initiatique dans un monde fragmenté
Le cadre narratif et symbolique
Le rĂ©cit se situe dans Kumandra, un monde anciennement unifiĂ© autour dâun mĂȘme Ă©quilibre politique et symbolique, aujourdâhui profondĂ©ment morcelĂ©. Cette fragmentation nâest pas seulement territoriale : elle traduit une rupture du lien social et une perte de confiance gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e entre les peuples. Lâespace gĂ©ographique devient ainsi le miroir dâun espace politique disloquĂ©, oĂč chaque groupe se replie sur lui-mĂȘme dans une logique de protection et de survie. La catastrophe fondatrice â la disparition des dragons et la pĂ©trification des habitants â marque un basculement anthropologique. Elle rompt lâordre ancien fondĂ© sur la coopĂ©ration et inaugure un monde dominĂ© par la peur. Ă partir de cet Ă©vĂ©nement, la mĂ©fiance devient une norme, presque une loi implicite, structurante pour lâensemble des relations sociales. Les Druun incarnent cette peur devenue active. Ils ne sont pas des ennemis dotĂ©s dâintentions propres, mais la matĂ©rialisation de la dĂ©fiance collective. Leur prĂ©sence signale lâeffondrement du lien : lĂ oĂč la confiance disparaĂźt, ils surgissent. Le mal nâest pas extĂ©rieur au monde ; il est le produit direct de sa fragmentation intĂ©rieure.
Raya, hĂ©roĂŻne tragique plutĂŽt quâhĂ©roĂŻne naĂŻve
Raya se distingue des figures hĂ©roĂŻques classiques par son absence dâinnocence initiale. Son enfance est marquĂ©e par la trahison, Ă©vĂ©nement fondateur qui scelle Ă la fois la chute de Kumandra et la formation de son caractĂšre. Ce moment traumatique inscrit la perte au cĆur de son rapport au monde et conditionne durablement ses choix. LâhĂ©roĂŻne nâest pas guidĂ©e par un idĂ©alisme abstrait, mais par une rationalitĂ© forgĂ©e par le trauma. Sa mĂ©fiance nâest ni un dĂ©faut moral ni une faiblesse : elle est la consĂ©quence logique dâune expĂ©rience violente du monde. Raya agit avec prudence, stratĂ©gie et calcul, dans un univers oĂč la confiance a dĂ©jĂ conduit Ă la catastrophe. Son parcours initiatique ne consiste pas Ă apprendre la force ou la domination, mais Ă accepter un acte de confiance radical, posĂ© en pleine conscience du risque. Cette transformation ne lâamĂšne pas Ă redevenir naĂŻve, mais Ă dĂ©passer une rationalitĂ© exclusivement dĂ©fensive pour entrer dans une Ă©thique du risque assumĂ©.
Une structure de conte politique
Le monde de Kumandra est composĂ© de royaumes spĂ©cialisĂ©s, chacun possĂ©dant une ressource, une compĂ©tence ou une position stratĂ©gique particuliĂšre. Pourtant, cette spĂ©cialisation ne produit pas de complĂ©mentaritĂ© fonctionnelle. Elle engendre au contraire une incapacitĂ© structurelle Ă coopĂ©rer, chaque entitĂ© cherchant Ă maximiser sa sĂ©curitĂ© au dĂ©triment du bien commun. Le rĂ©cit se distingue par lâabsence de mĂ©chant absolu. Les conflits ne rĂ©sultent pas dâune volontĂ© malveillante isolĂ©e, mais de logiques systĂ©miques : peur hĂ©ritĂ©e, mĂ©moire blessĂ©e, rationalitĂ©s dĂ©fensives incompatibles. Le mal est diffus, distribuĂ© dans les structures mĂȘmes du monde. La rĂ©solution finale confirme cette lecture politique. Le salut ne provient ni de la force militaire, ni de la ruse stratĂ©gique, ni dâune supĂ©rioritĂ© morale individuelle. Il Ă©merge uniquement de la restauration du lien, lorsque les acteurs acceptent de renoncer Ă une part de leur pouvoir et de leur contrĂŽle pour un bien commun incertain. Le film affirme ainsi une thĂšse centrale : dans un monde fragmentĂ©, seule la refondation de la confiance rend lâavenir possible.
3. Les thÚmes philosophiques, centrés sur la confiance et la méfiance
(dans Raya and the Last Dragon*)*
Confiance et méfiance comme affects politiques
Le film prĂ©sente la mĂ©fiance non comme une simple disposition psychologique individuelle, mais comme un affect politique structurant les sociĂ©tĂ©s. Elle est une logique hĂ©ritĂ©e, transmise par les rĂ©cits, lâhistoire et les traumatismes collectifs. Cette mĂ©fiance est fondamentalement dĂ©fensive : elle vise Ă prĂ©venir la trahison, Ă rĂ©duire lâincertitude et Ă sĂ©curiser le prĂ©sent. Toutefois, en se gĂ©nĂ©ralisant, elle devient fragmentante, car elle empĂȘche toute forme de coopĂ©ration durable et enferme chaque groupe dans une rationalitĂ© de survie. Ă lâinverse, la confiance est prĂ©sentĂ©e comme un acte volontaire, jamais automatique. Elle suppose un choix conscient, posĂ© en connaissance du risque encouru. Faire confiance signifie accepter la possibilitĂ© de la perte, sans garantie de rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. Câest prĂ©cisĂ©ment cette prise de risque qui confĂšre Ă la confiance son pouvoir reconstructeur : elle ouvre un espace oĂč le lien social peut ĂȘtre rĂ©inventĂ© au-delĂ du calcul. Cette opposition est incarnĂ©e par le duo Raya / Sisu. Raya reprĂ©sente une rationalitĂ© traumatisĂ©e, forgĂ©e par lâexpĂ©rience de la trahison et structurĂ©e par la prudence. Sisu, Ă lâinverse, incarne une foi active, non dogmatique, qui ne nie pas le danger mais refuse dâen faire le principe ultime de lâaction. Le film ne disqualifie pas la rationalitĂ© de Raya ; il montre plutĂŽt ses limites lorsquâil sâagit de refonder un monde brisĂ©.
Responsabilité collective et refus du bouc émissaire
Un des choix philosophiques majeurs du film est le refus de toute figure de bouc Ă©missaire. Aucun personnage ne peut ĂȘtre dĂ©signĂ© comme seul responsable de la chute de Kumandra. Les actes de trahison sâinscrivent toujours dans des contextes plus larges : pression politique, peur hĂ©ritĂ©e, loyautĂ©s conflictuelles. Le mal apparaĂźt ainsi comme systĂ©mique, produit par des structures de dĂ©fiance plutĂŽt que par des intentions purement malveillantes. Cette lecture entraĂźne un dĂ©placement dĂ©cisif de la question morale. Si la chute est collective, alors la rĂ©paration ne peut ĂȘtre quâelle aussi collective. Aucun individu, aussi vertueux soit-il, ne peut restaurer seul le monde. La solution est globale ou inexistante. Le film opĂšre ainsi un passage dâune morale de la faute, centrĂ©e sur la recherche du responsable, Ă une Ă©thique de lâaction, orientĂ©e vers la capacitĂ© Ă agir ensemble dans le prĂ©sent. Lâenjeu nâest plus de savoir qui a causĂ© la catastrophe, mais qui accepte aujourdâhui de prendre le risque dâun geste commun.
Tradition, mémoire et dépassement du trauma
La tradition joue un rĂŽle ambivalent dans le rĂ©cit. Elle constitue Ă la fois un rĂ©servoir de sagesse et un vecteur de peur. Les rĂ©cits transmis entre gĂ©nĂ©rations visent Ă protĂ©ger, mais ils figent Ă©galement les sociĂ©tĂ©s dans la rĂ©pĂ©tition du traumatisme. La tradition conserve la mĂ©moire de la catastrophe sans toujours offrir les moyens de la dĂ©passer. La mĂ©moire, lorsquâelle devient exclusive, se transforme en obstacle. Elle interdit toute projection vers lâavenir en enfermant les individus dans une logique de reproduction dĂ©fensive : ne pas refaire lâerreur passĂ©e, quitte Ă rendre impossible toute tentative nouvelle. Le film montre ainsi que la mĂ©moire, si elle nâest pas interprĂ©tĂ©e, peut devenir paralysante. Dans ce contexte, la confiance apparaĂźt comme une rupture consciente avec la rĂ©pĂ©tition du passĂ©. Elle ne suppose ni lâoubli ni la nĂ©gation du trauma, mais un refus de lui accorder un pouvoir absolu sur le prĂ©sent. Faire confiance devient alors un acte politique et Ă©thique majeur : choisir lâavenir sans effacer la blessure, mais sans sây soumettre.
4. La confiance et la mĂ©fiance chez Disney : scĂšnes comparĂ©es dans dâautres films
La confiance trahie ou menacée
Dans plusieurs films Disney, la confiance apparaĂźt dâabord comme un lien fragile, exposĂ© Ă la trahison. Elle est souvent placĂ©e au cĆur des relations fondatrices â familiales, amoureuses ou politiques â dont la rupture entraĂźne un dĂ©sordre profond. Dans Le Roi Lion, la trahison de Scar constitue lâarchĂ©type de la confiance pervertie. La relation de confiance familiale est instrumentalisĂ©e pour accĂ©der au pouvoir, et cette rupture intime se traduit immĂ©diatement par un effondrement politique : le royaume devient stĂ©rile, la loi du plus fort remplace lâordre symbolique. La trahison privĂ©e a ainsi des consĂ©quences collectives. De maniĂšre diffĂ©rente, La Reine des Neiges oppose deux figures de la confiance. Dâun cĂŽtĂ©, le faux amour incarnĂ© par Hans, fondĂ© sur le calcul et lâintĂ©rĂȘt ; de lâautre, la confiance fraternelle entre Anna et Elsa, longtemps empĂȘchĂ©e par la peur. Le film dĂ©construit lâidĂ©e dâune confiance romantique immĂ©diate et valorise un lien construit, Ă©prouvĂ©, parfois douloureux, mais authentique.
La confiance comme épreuve morale
Dâautres films Disney abordent la confiance non comme un donnĂ© initial, mais comme une Ă©preuve morale, inscrite dans un contexte social marquĂ© par la peur, les prĂ©jugĂ©s ou la tradition. Dans Zootopie, la mĂ©fiance est institutionnalisĂ©e sous la forme de stĂ©rĂ©otypes sociaux. La peur de lâautre structure les relations civiques et lĂ©gitime lâexclusion. La reconstruction du lien ne passe pas par la nĂ©gation des diffĂ©rences, mais par une prise de conscience collective des mĂ©canismes de peur et de domination. La confiance devient ici un travail politique, lent et conflictuel. Dans Vaiana, la confiance prend une forme plus intime mais tout aussi dĂ©cisive. LâhĂ©roĂŻne doit choisir entre la tradition protectrice de son peuple et lâappel intĂ©rieur qui la pousse vers lâinconnu. Faire confiance Ă lâocĂ©an, câest accepter de dĂ©sobĂ©ir Ă une mĂ©moire figĂ©e pour renouer avec une vĂ©ritĂ© plus profonde. La confiance devient un acte dâĂ©mancipation.
Spécificité de Raya dans le corpus Disney
Raya and the Last Dragon se distingue nettement de ces rĂ©cits. La confiance nây est ni naĂŻve, ni idĂ©alisĂ©e, ni rĂ©duite Ă une relation interpersonnelle. Elle est politique, collective et profondĂ©ment coĂ»teuse. Contrairement Ă de nombreux films Disney oĂč la confiance est rĂ©compensĂ©e par lâamour, la reconnaissance ou la restauration de lâordre, Raya affirme une thĂšse plus radicale : la confiance nâest jamais garantie de succĂšs. Elle implique la perte possible, lâĂ©chec, voire la disparition. Elle engage non seulement les individus, mais lâensemble du corps social. En ce sens, Raya marque un tournant philosophique dans le corpus Disney. La confiance nây apparaĂźt plus comme une rĂ©compense morale accordĂ©e aux justes, mais comme un risque nĂ©cessaire, sans lequel aucune refondation du monde nâest possible. Elle devient la condition mĂȘme de lâavenir, et non son simple aboutissement.
5. Conclusion â Confiance, peur et refondation du politique
(lecture comparative : Spinoza, Hobbes, Arendt) Lâanalyse de Raya and the Last Dragon permet de mettre en Ă©vidence une thĂšse philosophique forte, rarement formulĂ©e aussi explicitement dans le cinĂ©ma dâanimation : la survie dâun monde politique ne repose pas uniquement sur la maĂźtrise de la peur, mais sur la capacitĂ© Ă refonder la confiance aprĂšs le trauma. Cette problĂ©matique trouve un Ă©cho direct chez plusieurs penseurs majeurs de la philosophie politique moderne et contemporaine. Chez Spinoza, la peur est un affect fondamental de la vie politique, mais elle ne saurait constituer un principe durable de gouvernement. Dans le TraitĂ© thĂ©ologico-politique, il montre que les sociĂ©tĂ©s fondĂ©es sur la crainte tendent Ă produire la servitude plutĂŽt que la libertĂ©. La confiance, comprise comme expression dâune puissance collective accrue (potentia multitudinis), nâest pas un sentiment naĂŻf mais un effet de la coopĂ©ration rationnelle. Raya illustre prĂ©cisĂ©ment ce point : la peur, incarnĂ©e par les Druun, rĂ©duit la puissance dâagir commune, tandis que la confiance permet de restaurer une capacitĂ© collective Ă agir, condition mĂȘme de la libertĂ©. Ă lâinverse, Hobbes fait de la peur le fondement originaire de lâordre politique. Dans le LĂ©viathan, la crainte de la mort violente justifie le transfert de puissance vers une autoritĂ© souveraine chargĂ©e dâassurer la sĂ©curitĂ©. Le monde fragmentĂ© de Kumandra rappelle lâĂ©tat de nature hobbesien, marquĂ© par la dĂ©fiance gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©e et la guerre latente de chacun contre chacun. Toutefois, Raya sâĂ©carte radicalement de la solution hobbesienne : aucun souverain, aucune autoritĂ© centrale ne vient imposer lâordre par la contrainte. Le film suggĂšre au contraire que la peur, si elle peut expliquer lâeffondrement du monde, est incapable dâen assurer la reconstruction. Câest avec Hannah Arendt que la lecture trouve sans doute son point de convergence le plus fĂ©cond. Arendt distingue le pouvoir, nĂ© de lâaction collective concertĂ©e, de la violence, qui apparaĂźt lorsque le pouvoir sâest dĂ©jĂ dissous. Dans Raya, la violence et la mĂ©fiance signalent prĂ©cisĂ©ment lâabsence de pouvoir vĂ©ritable. La reconstruction finale ne passe pas par la domination ni par la force, mais par un acte dâaction commune, fragile, rĂ©versible, mais irrĂ©ductiblement politique. La confiance nâest pas ici un sentiment privĂ© : elle est la condition de possibilitĂ© de lâaction collective et du recommencement. Ainsi, Raya and the Last Dragon peut ĂȘtre lu comme une synthĂšse narrative originale de ces trois perspectives. Contre Hobbes, le film affirme que la peur ne fonde pas durablement le politique. Avec Spinoza, il suggĂšre que la confiance accroĂźt la puissance dâagir commune. Et dans le sillage dâArendt, il montre que toute refondation du monde passe par un acte collectif sans garantie, assumant la fragilitĂ© du lien humain. En ce sens, Raya ne se contente pas de raconter une rĂ©conciliation. Il propose une vĂ©ritable philosophie du recommencement : dans un monde marquĂ© par la violence et la dĂ©fiance, la confiance nâest ni donnĂ©e ni mĂ©ritĂ©e, mais risquĂ©e, coĂ»teuse et politiquement nĂ©cessaire.